## creative commons

# Attribution 4.0 International

Creative Commons Corporation (“Creative Commons”) is not a law firm
and does not provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of
Creative Commons public licenses does not create a lawyer-client or
other relationship. Creative Commons makes its licenses and related
information available on an “as-is” basis. Creative Commons gives no
warranties regarding its licenses, any material licensed under their
terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative Commons
disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the
fullest extent possible.

### Using Creative Commons Public Licenses

Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and
conditions that creators and other rights holders may use to share
original works of authorship and other material subject to copyright
and certain other rights specified in the public license below. The
following considerations are for informational purposes only, are not
exhaustive, and do not form part of our licenses.

* __Considerations for licensors:__ Our public licenses are intended
  for use by those authorized to give the public permission to use
  material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain other
  rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and
  understand the terms and conditions of the license they choose
  before applying it. Licensors should also secure all rights
  necessary before applying our licenses so that the public can reuse
  the material as expected. Licensors should clearly mark any material
  not subject to the license. This includes other CC-licensed
  material, or material used under an exception or limitation to
  copyright. [More considerations for
  licensors](http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors_and_licensees#Considerations_for_licensors).

* __Considerations for the public:__ By using one of our public
  licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to use the
  licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the
  licensor’s permission is not necessary for any reason–for example,
  because of any applicable exception or limitation to copyright–then
  that use is not regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only
  permissions under copyright and certain other rights that a licensor
  has authority to grant. Use of the licensed material may still be
  restricted for other reasons, including because others have
  copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make
  special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or
  described. Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged
  to respect those requests where reasonable. [More considerations for
  the
  public](http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Considerations_for_licensors_and_licensees#Considerations_for_licensees).

## Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and
agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To
the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You
are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of
these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in
consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the
Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

### Section 1 – Definitions.

a. __Adapted Material__ means material subject to Copyright and
Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed
Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered,
arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring
permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the
Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed
Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted
Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in
timed relation with a moving image.

b. __Adapter's License__ means the license You apply to Your Copyright
and Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in
accordance with the terms and conditions of this Public License.

c. __Copyright and Similar Rights__ means copyright and/or similar
rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation,
performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database
Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or
categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified
in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.

d. __Effective Technological Measures__ means those measures that, in
the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws
fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty
adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

e. __Exceptions and Limitations__ means fair use, fair dealing, and/or
any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that
applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.

f. __Licensed Material__ means the artistic or literary work,
database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public
License.

g. __Licensed Rights__ means the rights granted to You subject to the
terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all
Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed
Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.

h. __Licensor__ means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights
under this Public License.

i. __Share__ means to provide material to the public by any means or
process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as
reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution,
dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material
available to the public including in ways that members of the public
may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen
by them.

j. __Sui Generis Database Rights__ means rights other than copyright
resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as
amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent
rights anywhere in the world.

k. __You__ means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed
Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

### Section 2 – Scope.

a. ___License grant.___

   1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the
      Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free,
      non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to
      exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:

       A. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in
       part; and

       B. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material.

   2. __Exceptions and Limitations.__ For the avoidance of doubt,
      where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public
      License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its
      terms and conditions.

   3. __Term.__ The term of this Public License is specified in
      Section 6(a).

   4. __Media and formats; technical modifications allowed.__ The
      Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all
      media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to
      make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor
      waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to
      forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to
      exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications
      necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For
      purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications
      authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted
      Material.

   5. __Downstream recipients.__

       A. __Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material.__ Every
       recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an
       offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under
       the terms and conditions of this Public License.

       B. __No downstream restrictions.__ You may not offer or impose
       any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply
       any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material
       if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any
       recipient of the Licensed Material.

   6. __No endorsement.__ Nothing in this Public License constitutes
      or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You
      are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected
      with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the
      Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided
      in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

b. ___Other rights.___

   1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed
      under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or
      other similar personality rights; however, to the extent
      possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any
      such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary
      to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

   2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public
      License.

   3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect
      royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights,
      whether directly or through a collecting society under any
      voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing
      scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any
      right to collect such royalties.

### Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the
following conditions.

a. ___Attribution.___

   1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form),
      You must:

       A. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with
       the Licensed Material:

         i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and
            any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable
            manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if
            designated);

         ii. a copyright notice;

         iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;

         iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;

         v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;

       B. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an
       indication of any previous modifications; and

       C. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public
       License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to,
       this Public License.

   2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any
      reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in
      which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be
      reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or
      hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.

   3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the
      information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent
      reasonably practicable.

   4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License
      You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material
      from complying with this Public License.

### Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that
apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to
extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of
the contents of the database;

b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database
contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights,
then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but
not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and

c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share
all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not
replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed
Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

### Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

a. __Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the
extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and
as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind
concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory,
or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title,
merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement,
absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or
absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where
disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this
disclaimer may not apply to You.__

b. __To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable
to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence)
or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental,
consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses,
or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed
Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of
such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of
liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not
apply to You.__

c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided
above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible,
most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all
liability.

### Section 6 – Term and Termination.

a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and
Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this
Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate
automatically.

b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under
Section 6(a), it reinstates:

   1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it
      is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or

   2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.

   For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any
   right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of
   this Public License.

c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the
Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop
distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will
not terminate this Public License.

d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public
License.

### Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different
terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.

b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the
Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent
of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

### Section 8 – Interpretation.

a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall
not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions
on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made
without permission under this Public License.

b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is
deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the
minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision
cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License
without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and
conditions.

c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no
failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the
Licensor.

d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as
a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that
apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of
any jurisdiction or authority.

> Creative Commons is not a party to its public
> licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one
> of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those
> instances will be considered the “Licensor.” Except for the limited
> purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative
> Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative
> Commons policies published at
> [creativecommons.org/policies](http://creativecommons.org/policies),
> Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark
> “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative
> Commons without its prior written consent including, without
> limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any
> of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or
> agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of
> doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.
>
> Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org
