This may be helpful to new module developers, curious users, and people who just need a reference without having to look at the implementationmain
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# Activation script {#sec-activation-script} |
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|
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The activation script is a bash script called to activate the new |
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configuration which resides in a NixOS system in `$out/activate`. Since its |
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contents depend on your system configuration, the contents may differ. |
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This chapter explains how the script works in general and some common NixOS |
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snippets. Please be aware that the script is executed on every boot and system |
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switch, so tasks that can be performed in other places should be performed |
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there (for example letting a directory of a service be created by systemd using |
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mechanisms like `StateDirectory`, `CacheDirectory`, ... or if that's not |
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possible using `preStart` of the service). |
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|
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Activation scripts are defined as snippets using |
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[](#opt-system.activationScripts). They can either be a simple multiline string |
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or an attribute set that can depend on other snippets. The builder for the |
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activation script will take these dependencies into account and order the |
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snippets accordingly. As a simple example: |
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|
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```nix |
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system.activationScripts.my-activation-script = { |
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deps = [ "etc" ]; |
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# supportsDryActivation = true; |
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text = '' |
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echo "Hallo i bims" |
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''; |
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}; |
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``` |
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|
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This example creates an activation script snippet that is run after the `etc` |
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snippet. The special variable `supportsDryActivation` can be set so the snippet |
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is also run when `nixos-rebuild dry-activate` is run. To differentiate between |
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real and dry activation, the `$NIXOS_ACTION` environment variable can be |
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read which is set to `dry-activate` when a dry activation is done. |
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|
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An activation script can write to special files instructing |
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`switch-to-configuration` to restart/reload units. The script will take these |
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requests into account and will incorperate the unit configuration as described |
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above. This means that the activation script will "fake" a modified unit file |
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and `switch-to-configuration` will act accordingly. By doing so, configuration |
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like [systemd.services.\<name\>.restartIfChanged](#opt-systemd.services) is |
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respected. Since the activation script is run **after** services are already |
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stopped, [systemd.services.\<name\>.stopIfChanged](#opt-systemd.services) |
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cannot be taken into account anymore and the unit is always restarted instead |
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of being stopped and started afterwards. |
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|
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The files that can be written to are `/run/nixos/activation-restart-list` and |
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`/run/nixos/activation-reload-list` with their respective counterparts for |
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dry activation being `/run/nixos/dry-activation-restart-list` and |
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`/run/nixos/dry-activation-reload-list`. Those files can contain |
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newline-separated lists of unit names where duplicates are being ignored. These |
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files are not create automatically and activation scripts must take the |
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possiblility into account that they have to create them first. |
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|
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## NixOS snippets {#sec-activation-script-nixos-snippets} |
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|
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There are some snippets NixOS enables by default because disabling them would |
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most likely break you system. This section lists a few of them and what they |
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do: |
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|
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- `binsh` creates `/bin/sh` which points to the runtime shell |
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- `etc` sets up the contents of `/etc`, this includes systemd units and |
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excludes `/etc/passwd`, `/etc/group`, and `/etc/shadow` (which are managed by |
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the `users` snippet) |
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- `hostname` sets the system's hostname in the kernel (not in `/etc`) |
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- `modprobe` sets the path to the `modprobe` binary for module auto-loading |
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- `nix` prepares the nix store and adds a default initial channel |
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- `specialfs` is responsible for mounting filesystems like `/proc` and `sys` |
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- `users` creates and removes users and groups by managing `/etc/passwd`, |
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`/etc/group` and `/etc/shadow`. This also creates home directories |
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- `usrbinenv` creates `/usr/bin/env` |
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- `var` creates some directories in `/var` that are not service-specific |
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- `wrappers` creates setuid wrappers like `ping` and `sudo` |
@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ |
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# Unit handling {#sec-unit-handling} |
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|
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To figure out what units need to be started/stopped/restarted/reloaded, the |
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script first checks the current state of the system, similar to what `systemctl |
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list-units` shows. For each of the units, the script goes through the following |
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checks: |
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|
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- Is the unit file still in the new system? If not, **stop** the service unless |
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it sets `X-StopOnRemoval` in the `[Unit]` section to `false`. |
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|
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- Is it a `.target` unit? If so, **start** it unless it sets |
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`RefuseManualStart` in the `[Unit]` section to `true` or `X-OnlyManualStart` |
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in the `[Unit]` section to `true`. Also **stop** the unit again unless it |
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sets `X-StopOnReconfiguration` to `false`. |
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|
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- Are the contents of the unit files different? They are compared by parsing |
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them and comparing their contents. If they are different but only |
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`X-Reload-Triggers` in the `[Unit]` section is changed, **reload** the unit. |
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The NixOS module system allows setting these triggers with the option |
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[systemd.services.\<name\>.reloadTriggers](#opt-systemd.services). If the |
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unit files differ in any way, the following actions are performed: |
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|
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- `.path` and `.slice` units are ignored. There is no need to restart them |
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since changes in their values are applied by systemd when systemd is |
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reloaded. |
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|
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- `.mount` units are **reload**ed. These mostly come from the `/etc/fstab` |
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parser. |
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|
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- `.socket` units are currently ignored. This is to be fixed at a later |
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point. |
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|
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- The rest of the units (mostly `.service` units) are then **reload**ed if |
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`X-ReloadIfChanged` in the `[Service]` section is set to `true` (exposed |
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via [systemd.services.\<name\>.reloadIfChanged](#opt-systemd.services)). |
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|
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- If the reload flag is not set, some more flags decide if the unit is |
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skipped. These flags are `X-RestartIfChanged` in the `[Service]` section |
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(exposed via |
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[systemd.services.\<name\>.restartIfChanged](#opt-systemd.services)), |
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`RefuseManualStop` in the `[Unit]` section, and `X-OnlyManualStart` in the |
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`[Unit]` section. |
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|
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- The rest of the behavior is decided whether the unit has `X-StopIfChanged` |
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in the `[Service]` section set (exposed via |
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[systemd.services.\<name\>.stopIfChanged](#opt-systemd.services)). This is |
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set to `true` by default and must be explicitly turned off if not wanted. |
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If the flag is enabled, the unit is **stop**ped and then **start**ed. If |
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not, the unit is **restart**ed. The goal of the flag is to make sure that |
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the new unit never runs in the old environment which is still in place |
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before the activation script is run. |
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|
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- The last thing that is taken into account is whether the unit is a service |
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and socket-activated. Due to a bug, this is currently only done when |
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`X-StopIfChanged` is set. If the unit is socket-activated, the socket is |
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stopped and started, and the service is stopped and to be started by socket |
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activation. |
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@ |
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# What happens during a system switch? {#sec-switching-systems} |
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|
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Running `nixos-rebuild switch` is one of the more common tasks under NixOS. |
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This chapter explains some of the internals of this command to make it simpler |
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for new module developers to configure their units correctly and to make it |
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easier to understand what is happening and why for curious administrators. |
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|
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`nixos-rebuild`, like many deployment solutions, calls `switch-to-configuration` |
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which resides in a NixOS system at `$out/bin/switch-to-configuration`. The |
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script is called with the action that is to be performed like `switch`, `test`, |
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`boot`. There is also the `dry-activate` action which does not really perform |
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the actions but rather prints what it would do if you called it with `test`. |
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This feature can be used to check what service states would be changed if the |
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configuration was switched to. |
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|
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If the action is `switch` or `boot`, the bootloader is updated first so the |
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configuration will be the next one to boot. Unless `NIXOS_NO_SYNC` is set to |
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`1`, `/nix/store` is synced to disk. |
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|
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If the action is `switch` or `test`, the currently running system is inspected |
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and the actions to switch to the new system are calculated. This process takes |
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two data sources into account: `/etc/fstab` and the current systemd status. |
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Mounts and swaps are read from `/etc/fstab` and the corresponding actions are |
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generated. If a new mount is added, for example, the proper `.mount` unit is |
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marked to be started. The current systemd state is inspected, the difference |
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between the current system and the desired configuration is calculated and |
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actions are generated to get to this state. There are a lot of nuances that can |
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be controlled by the units which are explained here. |
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|
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After calculating what should be done, the actions are carried out. The order |
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of actions is always the same: |
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- Stop units (`systemctl stop`) |
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- Run activation script (`$out/activate`) |
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- See if the activation script requested more units to restart |
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- Restart systemd if needed (`systemd daemon-reexec`) |
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- Forget about the failed state of units (`systemctl reset-failed`) |
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- Reload systemd (`systemctl daemon-reload`) |
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- Reload systemd user instances (`systemctl --user daemon-reload`) |
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- Set up tmpfiles (`systemd-tmpfiles --create`) |
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- Reload units (`systemctl reload`) |
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- Restart units (`systemctl restart`) |
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- Start units (`systemctl start`) |
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- Inspect what changed during these actions and print units that failed and |
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that were newly started |
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|
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Most of these actions are either self-explaining but some of them have to do |
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with our units or the activation script. For this reason, these topics are |
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explained in the next sections. |
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|
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```{=docbook} |
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<xi:include href="unit-handling.section.xml" /> |
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<xi:include href="activation-script.section.xml" /> |
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``` |
@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ |
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<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xml:id="sec-activation-script"> |
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<title>Activation script</title> |
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<para> |
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The activation script is a bash script called to activate the new |
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configuration which resides in a NixOS system in |
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<literal>$out/activate</literal>. Since its contents depend on your |
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system configuration, the contents may differ. This chapter explains |
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how the script works in general and some common NixOS snippets. |
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Please be aware that the script is executed on every boot and system |
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switch, so tasks that can be performed in other places should be |
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performed there (for example letting a directory of a service be |
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created by systemd using mechanisms like |
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<literal>StateDirectory</literal>, |
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<literal>CacheDirectory</literal>, … or if that’s not possible using |
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<literal>preStart</literal> of the service). |
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</para> |
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<para> |
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Activation scripts are defined as snippets using |
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<xref linkend="opt-system.activationScripts" />. They can either be |
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a simple multiline string or an attribute set that can depend on |
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other snippets. The builder for the activation script will take |
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these dependencies into account and order the snippets accordingly. |
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As a simple example: |
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</para> |
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<programlisting language="bash"> |
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system.activationScripts.my-activation-script = { |
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deps = [ "etc" ]; |
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# supportsDryActivation = true; |
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text = '' |
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echo "Hallo i bims" |
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''; |
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}; |
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</programlisting> |
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<para> |
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This example creates an activation script snippet that is run after |
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the <literal>etc</literal> snippet. The special variable |
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<literal>supportsDryActivation</literal> can be set so the snippet |
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is also run when <literal>nixos-rebuild dry-activate</literal> is |
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run. To differentiate between real and dry activation, the |
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<literal>$NIXOS_ACTION</literal> environment variable can be read |
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which is set to <literal>dry-activate</literal> when a dry |
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activation is done. |
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</para> |
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<para> |
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An activation script can write to special files instructing |
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<literal>switch-to-configuration</literal> to restart/reload units. |
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The script will take these requests into account and will |
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incorperate the unit configuration as described above. This means |
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that the activation script will <quote>fake</quote> a modified unit |
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file and <literal>switch-to-configuration</literal> will act |
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accordingly. By doing so, configuration like |
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<link linkend="opt-systemd.services">systemd.services.<name>.restartIfChanged</link> |
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is respected. Since the activation script is run |
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<emphasis role="strong">after</emphasis> services are already |
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stopped, |
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<link linkend="opt-systemd.services">systemd.services.<name>.stopIfChanged</link> |
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cannot be taken into account anymore and the unit is always |
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restarted instead of being stopped and started afterwards. |
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</para> |
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<para> |
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The files that can be written to are |
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<literal>/run/nixos/activation-restart-list</literal> and |
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<literal>/run/nixos/activation-reload-list</literal> with their |
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respective counterparts for dry activation being |
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<literal>/run/nixos/dry-activation-restart-list</literal> and |
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<literal>/run/nixos/dry-activation-reload-list</literal>. Those |
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files can contain newline-separated lists of unit names where |
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duplicates are being ignored. These files are not create |
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automatically and activation scripts must take the possiblility into |
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account that they have to create them first. |
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</para> |
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<section xml:id="sec-activation-script-nixos-snippets"> |
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<title>NixOS snippets</title> |
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<para> |
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There are some snippets NixOS enables by default because disabling |
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them would most likely break you system. This section lists a few |
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of them and what they do: |
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</para> |
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<itemizedlist spacing="compact"> |
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<listitem> |
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<para> |
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<literal>binsh</literal> creates <literal>/bin/sh</literal> |
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which points to the runtime shell |
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</para> |
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</listitem> |
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<listitem> |
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<para> |
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<literal>etc</literal> sets up the contents of |
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<literal>/etc</literal>, this includes systemd units and |
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excludes <literal>/etc/passwd</literal>, |
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<literal>/etc/group</literal>, and |
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<literal>/etc/shadow</literal> (which are managed by the |
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<literal>users</literal> snippet) |
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</para> |
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</listitem> |
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<listitem> |
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<para> |
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<literal>hostname</literal> sets the system’s hostname in the |
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kernel (not in <literal>/etc</literal>) |
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</para> |
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</listitem> |
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<listitem> |
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<para> |
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<literal>modprobe</literal> sets the path to the |
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<literal>modprobe</literal> binary for module auto-loading |
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</para> |
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</listitem> |
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<listitem> |
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<para> |
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<literal>nix</literal> prepares the nix store and adds a |
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default initial channel |
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</para> |
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</listitem> |
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<listitem> |
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<para> |
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<literal>specialfs</literal> is responsible for mounting |
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filesystems like <literal>/proc</literal> and |
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<literal>sys</literal> |
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</para> |
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</listitem> |
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<listitem> |
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<para> |
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<literal>users</literal> creates and removes users and groups |
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by managing <literal>/etc/passwd</literal>, |
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<literal>/etc/group</literal> and |
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<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>. This also creates home |
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directories |
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</para> |
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</listitem> |
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<listitem> |
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<para> |
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<literal>usrbinenv</literal> creates |
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<literal>/usr/bin/env</literal> |
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</para> |
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</listitem> |
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<listitem> |
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<para> |
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<literal>var</literal> creates some directories in |
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<literal>/var</literal> that are not service-specific |
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</para> |
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</listitem> |
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<listitem> |
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<para> |
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<literal>wrappers</literal> creates setuid wrappers like |
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<literal>ping</literal> and <literal>sudo</literal> |
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</para> |
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</listitem> |
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</itemizedlist> |
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</section> |
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</section> |
@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ |
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<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xml:id="sec-unit-handling"> |
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<title>Unit handling</title> |
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<para> |
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To figure out what units need to be |
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started/stopped/restarted/reloaded, the script first checks the |
||||
current state of the system, similar to what |
||||
<literal>systemctl list-units</literal> shows. For each of the |
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units, the script goes through the following checks: |
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</para> |
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<itemizedlist> |
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<listitem> |
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<para> |
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Is the unit file still in the new system? If not, |
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<emphasis role="strong">stop</emphasis> the service unless it |
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sets <literal>X-StopOnRemoval</literal> in the |
||||
<literal>[Unit]</literal> section to <literal>false</literal>. |
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</para> |
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</listitem> |
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<listitem> |
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<para> |
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Is it a <literal>.target</literal> unit? If so, |
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<emphasis role="strong">start</emphasis> it unless it sets |
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<literal>RefuseManualStart</literal> in the |
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<literal>[Unit]</literal> section to <literal>true</literal> or |
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<literal>X-OnlyManualStart</literal> in the |
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<literal>[Unit]</literal> section to <literal>true</literal>. |
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Also <emphasis role="strong">stop</emphasis> the unit again |
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unless it sets <literal>X-StopOnReconfiguration</literal> to |
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<literal>false</literal>. |
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</para> |
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</listitem> |
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<listitem> |
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<para> |
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Are the contents of the unit files different? They are compared |
||||
by parsing them and comparing their contents. If they are |
||||
different but only <literal>X-Reload-Triggers</literal> in the |
||||
<literal>[Unit]</literal> section is changed, |
||||
<emphasis role="strong">reload</emphasis> the unit. The NixOS |
||||
module system allows setting these triggers with the option |
||||
<link linkend="opt-systemd.services">systemd.services.<name>.reloadTriggers</link>. |
||||
If the unit files differ in any way, the following actions are |
||||
performed: |
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</para> |
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<itemizedlist> |
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<listitem> |
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<para> |
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<literal>.path</literal> and <literal>.slice</literal> units |
||||
are ignored. There is no need to restart them since changes |
||||
in their values are applied by systemd when systemd is |
||||
reloaded. |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
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<listitem> |
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<para> |
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<literal>.mount</literal> units are |
||||
<emphasis role="strong">reload</emphasis>ed. These mostly |
||||
come from the <literal>/etc/fstab</literal> parser. |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
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<listitem> |
||||
<para> |
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<literal>.socket</literal> units are currently ignored. This |
||||
is to be fixed at a later point. |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
<listitem> |
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<para> |
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The rest of the units (mostly <literal>.service</literal> |
||||
units) are then <emphasis role="strong">reload</emphasis>ed |
||||
if <literal>X-ReloadIfChanged</literal> in the |
||||
<literal>[Service]</literal> section is set to |
||||
<literal>true</literal> (exposed via |
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<link linkend="opt-systemd.services">systemd.services.<name>.reloadIfChanged</link>). |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
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<listitem> |
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<para> |
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If the reload flag is not set, some more flags decide if the |
||||
unit is skipped. These flags are |
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<literal>X-RestartIfChanged</literal> in the |
||||
<literal>[Service]</literal> section (exposed via |
||||
<link linkend="opt-systemd.services">systemd.services.<name>.restartIfChanged</link>), |
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<literal>RefuseManualStop</literal> in the |
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<literal>[Unit]</literal> section, and |
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<literal>X-OnlyManualStart</literal> in the |
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<literal>[Unit]</literal> section. |
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</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
<listitem> |
||||
<para> |
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The rest of the behavior is decided whether the unit has |
||||
<literal>X-StopIfChanged</literal> in the |
||||
<literal>[Service]</literal> section set (exposed via |
||||
<link linkend="opt-systemd.services">systemd.services.<name>.stopIfChanged</link>). |
||||
This is set to <literal>true</literal> by default and must |
||||
be explicitly turned off if not wanted. If the flag is |
||||
enabled, the unit is |
||||
<emphasis role="strong">stop</emphasis>ped and then |
||||
<emphasis role="strong">start</emphasis>ed. If not, the unit |
||||
is <emphasis role="strong">restart</emphasis>ed. The goal of |
||||
the flag is to make sure that the new unit never runs in the |
||||
old environment which is still in place before the |
||||
activation script is run. |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
<listitem> |
||||
<para> |
||||
The last thing that is taken into account is whether the |
||||
unit is a service and socket-activated. Due to a bug, this |
||||
is currently only done when |
||||
<literal>X-StopIfChanged</literal> is set. If the unit is |
||||
socket-activated, the socket is stopped and started, and the |
||||
service is stopped and to be started by socket activation. |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
</itemizedlist> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
</itemizedlist> |
||||
</section> |
@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ |
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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" xml:id="sec-switching-systems"> |
||||
<title>What happens during a system switch?</title> |
||||
<para> |
||||
Running <literal>nixos-rebuild switch</literal> is one of the more |
||||
common tasks under NixOS. This chapter explains some of the |
||||
internals of this command to make it simpler for new module |
||||
developers to configure their units correctly and to make it easier |
||||
to understand what is happening and why for curious administrators. |
||||
</para> |
||||
<para> |
||||
<literal>nixos-rebuild</literal>, like many deployment solutions, |
||||
calls <literal>switch-to-configuration</literal> which resides in a |
||||
NixOS system at <literal>$out/bin/switch-to-configuration</literal>. |
||||
The script is called with the action that is to be performed like |
||||
<literal>switch</literal>, <literal>test</literal>, |
||||
<literal>boot</literal>. There is also the |
||||
<literal>dry-activate</literal> action which does not really perform |
||||
the actions but rather prints what it would do if you called it with |
||||
<literal>test</literal>. This feature can be used to check what |
||||
service states would be changed if the configuration was switched |
||||
to. |
||||
</para> |
||||
<para> |
||||
If the action is <literal>switch</literal> or |
||||
<literal>boot</literal>, the bootloader is updated first so the |
||||
configuration will be the next one to boot. Unless |
||||
<literal>NIXOS_NO_SYNC</literal> is set to <literal>1</literal>, |
||||
<literal>/nix/store</literal> is synced to disk. |
||||
</para> |
||||
<para> |
||||
If the action is <literal>switch</literal> or |
||||
<literal>test</literal>, the currently running system is inspected |
||||
and the actions to switch to the new system are calculated. This |
||||
process takes two data sources into account: |
||||
<literal>/etc/fstab</literal> and the current systemd status. Mounts |
||||
and swaps are read from <literal>/etc/fstab</literal> and the |
||||
corresponding actions are generated. If a new mount is added, for |
||||
example, the proper <literal>.mount</literal> unit is marked to be |
||||
started. The current systemd state is inspected, the difference |
||||
between the current system and the desired configuration is |
||||
calculated and actions are generated to get to this state. There are |
||||
a lot of nuances that can be controlled by the units which are |
||||
explained here. |
||||
</para> |
||||
<para> |
||||
After calculating what should be done, the actions are carried out. |
||||
The order of actions is always the same: |
||||
</para> |
||||
<itemizedlist spacing="compact"> |
||||
<listitem> |
||||
<para> |
||||
Stop units (<literal>systemctl stop</literal>) |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
<listitem> |
||||
<para> |
||||
Run activation script (<literal>$out/activate</literal>) |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
<listitem> |
||||
<para> |
||||
See if the activation script requested more units to restart |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
<listitem> |
||||
<para> |
||||
Restart systemd if needed |
||||
(<literal>systemd daemon-reexec</literal>) |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
<listitem> |
||||
<para> |
||||
Forget about the failed state of units |
||||
(<literal>systemctl reset-failed</literal>) |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
<listitem> |
||||
<para> |
||||
Reload systemd (<literal>systemctl daemon-reload</literal>) |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
<listitem> |
||||
<para> |
||||
Reload systemd user instances |
||||
(<literal>systemctl --user daemon-reload</literal>) |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
<listitem> |
||||
<para> |
||||
Set up tmpfiles (<literal>systemd-tmpfiles --create</literal>) |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
<listitem> |
||||
<para> |
||||
Reload units (<literal>systemctl reload</literal>) |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
<listitem> |
||||
<para> |
||||
Restart units (<literal>systemctl restart</literal>) |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
<listitem> |
||||
<para> |
||||
Start units (<literal>systemctl start</literal>) |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
<listitem> |
||||
<para> |
||||
Inspect what changed during these actions and print units that |
||||
failed and that were newly started |
||||
</para> |
||||
</listitem> |
||||
</itemizedlist> |
||||
<para> |
||||
Most of these actions are either self-explaining but some of them |
||||
have to do with our units or the activation script. For this reason, |
||||
these topics are explained in the next sections. |
||||
</para> |
||||
<xi:include href="unit-handling.section.xml" /> |
||||
<xi:include href="activation-script.section.xml" /> |
||||
</chapter> |
Loading…
Reference in new issue